日期:2024-11-24 23:52
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摘要:<span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">不銹鋼角鋼拉深會(huì)出現(xiàn)哪些問(wèn)題?</span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">不銹鋼角鋼的延展率小、彈性模量</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">E</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">較大</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">硬化指數(shù)較高</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">厚向異性指數(shù)</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">r</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">值很小</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">(304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">不銹鋼角鋼為</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">0.9~0.11,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">軟鋼為</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">1.3~2.0).304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">不銹鋼角鋼材料由屈服到破裂的塑性變形階段短</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">特別是它的塑性應(yīng)變比的加權(quán)值</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">R</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">較大</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">.304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">不銹鋼角鋼板拉深開(kāi)裂有時(shí)發(fā)生在拉深變形之后</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">有時(shí)是在當(dāng)拉深件由凹模內(nèi)退出時(shí)立即發(fā)生</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">有時(shí)是在拉深變形后受撞擊或振動(dòng)時(shí)發(fā)生</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">也有時(shí)在拉深變形后經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的存放或在使用過(guò)程中才發(fā)生</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">本文針對(duì)</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">不銹鋼角鋼板拉深時(shí)產(chǎn)生缺陷的原因進(jìn)行了分析</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">并提出解決措施</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";">.</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、機(jī)械性能檢驗(yàn)</span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">檢驗(yàn)方法:</span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">a.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">拉伸試驗(yàn)方法。常用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢驗(yàn)方法有</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">GB/T228-87</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">JISZ2201</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">JISZ2241</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">ASTM A370</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">DIN50145</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">等</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";">;</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">b.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">彎曲試驗(yàn)方法。常用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢驗(yàn)方法有</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">GB/T232-88</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">JISZ2204</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">JISZ2248</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">ASTM E290</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">DIN50111</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">等。</span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">性能指標(biāo):考核不銹鋼扁鋼性能的檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目主要為拉伸試驗(yàn)和彎曲試驗(yàn)。指標(biāo)包括屈服點(diǎn)、抗拉強(qiáng)度、延伸率及彎曲合格等項(xiàng)。</span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、開(kāi)裂形成的原因</span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">奧氏體</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">不銹鋼角鋼的冷作硬化指數(shù)高</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">(304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">不銹鋼角鋼為</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">0.34).</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">奧氏體</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">不銹鋼角鋼為亞穩(wěn)定型</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">在變形時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生相變</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">誘發(fā)馬氏體相</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">馬氏體相較脆</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">因此容易發(fā)生開(kāi)裂</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">在塑性變形時(shí)</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">隨著變形量的增大</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">誘發(fā)的馬氏體含量也將隨著變形量的增大而增高</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">殘余應(yīng)力也越大</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">殘余應(yīng)力與馬氏體含量的關(guān)系</span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">誘發(fā)的馬氏體相含量越高</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">引起的殘余應(yīng)力也越大</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">在加工過(guò)程中也就越易開(kāi)裂</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";">.</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">3</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、表面劃痕形成的原因</span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">不銹鋼角鋼拉深件表面出現(xiàn)劃痕主要是由于工件和模具表面存在相對(duì)移動(dòng)</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">在一定壓力的作用下</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">致使坯料與模具局部表面直接產(chǎn)生摩擦</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">加之坯料的變形熱使坯料及金屬屑熔敷在模具表面上</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">使工件表面擦傷產(chǎn)生劃痕</span></span>
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<span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";"><span style="font-size:small;">進(jìn)出口不銹鋼角鋼的定貨一般以使用中所要求的規(guī)格為主,其鋼號(hào)為相應(yīng)的碳結(jié)鋼鋼號(hào)。也即不銹鋼角鋼除了規(guī)格號(hào)之外,沒(méi)有特定的成分和性能系列。</span></span>
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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">不銹鋼角鋼的交貨長(zhǎng)度分定尺、倍尺兩種,國(guó)產(chǎn)不銹鋼角鋼的定尺選擇范圍根據(jù)規(guī)格號(hào)的不同有</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">3—9m</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">4—12m</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">4—19m</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">6—19m</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">四個(gè)范圍。日本產(chǎn)不銹鋼角鋼的長(zhǎng)度選擇范圍為</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">6—15m</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:"mso-hansi-font-family:";">。</span></span>
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304不銹鋼角鋼拉深會(huì)出現(xiàn)哪些問(wèn)題?
304不銹鋼角鋼的延展率小、彈性模量E較大,硬化指數(shù)較高,厚向異性指數(shù)r值很小(304不銹鋼角鋼為0.9~0.11,軟鋼為1.3~2.0).304不銹鋼角鋼材料由屈服到破裂的塑性變形階段短,特別是它的塑性應(yīng)變比的加權(quán)值R較大.304不銹鋼角鋼板拉深開(kāi)裂有時(shí)發(fā)生在拉深變形之后,有時(shí)是在當(dāng)拉深件由凹模內(nèi)退出時(shí)立即發(fā)生;有時(shí)是在拉深變形后受撞擊或振動(dòng)時(shí)發(fā)生;也有時(shí)在拉深變形后經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的存放或在使用過(guò)程中才發(fā)生.本文針對(duì)304不銹鋼角鋼板拉深時(shí)產(chǎn)生缺陷的原因進(jìn)行了分析,并提出解決措施.
1、機(jī)械性能檢驗(yàn)
(1)檢驗(yàn)方法:
a.拉伸試驗(yàn)方法。常用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢驗(yàn)方法有GB/T228-87、JISZ2201、JISZ2241、ASTM A370、DIN50145等;
b.彎曲試驗(yàn)方法。常用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢驗(yàn)方法有GB/T232-88、JISZ2204、JISZ2248、ASTM E290、DIN50111等。
(2)性能指標(biāo):考核不銹鋼扁鋼性能的檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目主要為拉伸試驗(yàn)和彎曲試驗(yàn)。指標(biāo)包括屈服點(diǎn)、抗拉強(qiáng)度、延伸率及彎曲合格等項(xiàng)。
2、開(kāi)裂形成的原因
奧氏體304不銹鋼角鋼的冷作硬化指數(shù)高(304不銹鋼角鋼為0.34).奧氏體304不銹鋼角鋼為亞穩(wěn)定型,在變形時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生相變,誘發(fā)馬氏體相.馬氏體相較脆,因此容易發(fā)生開(kāi)裂.在塑性變形時(shí),隨著變形量的增大,誘發(fā)的馬氏體含量也將隨著變形量的增大而增高,殘余應(yīng)力也越大.殘余應(yīng)力與馬氏體含量的關(guān)系
誘發(fā)的馬氏體相含量越高,引起的殘余應(yīng)力也越大,在加工過(guò)程中也就越易開(kāi)裂.
3、表面劃痕形成的原因
304不銹鋼角鋼拉深件表面出現(xiàn)劃痕主要是由于工件和模具表面存在相對(duì)移動(dòng),在一定壓力的作用下,致使坯料與模具局部表面直接產(chǎn)生摩擦,加之坯料的變形熱使坯料及金屬屑熔敷在模具表面上,使工件表面擦傷產(chǎn)生劃痕
進(jìn)出口不銹鋼角鋼的定貨一般以使用中所要求的規(guī)格為主,其鋼號(hào)為相應(yīng)的碳結(jié)鋼鋼號(hào)。也即不銹鋼角鋼除了規(guī)格號(hào)之外,沒(méi)有特定的成分和性能系列。
不銹鋼角鋼的交貨長(zhǎng)度分定尺、倍尺兩種,國(guó)產(chǎn)不銹鋼角鋼的定尺選擇范圍根據(jù)規(guī)格號(hào)的不同有3—9m、4—12m、4—19m、6—19m四個(gè)范圍。日本產(chǎn)不銹鋼角鋼的長(zhǎng)度選擇范圍為6—15m。